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Natural pine forests characterize many landscapes preserved over time, either as a result of a specific forest management practice or a disturbance. In the event of a lack of management over a long period of time, these formations could evolve with increasingly chaotic structures towards other formations. This process can lead to landscape change, the spread of insects and pathogens, and the risk of fires and watercourse obstruction. Pine forest plantations should be considered as transient tree populations, destined to evolve into more complex and stable formations. However, sometimes they should be preserved for their cultural value. Careful management of these forests also takes into account the close relationship between forest and human settlements. As a first step, ecological management assumes the definition of these two macro types. These approaches include the application of integrated methods for determining the reference conditions of the main functional and structural ecosystem components of forests. The reference conditions are the historical (or natural) variability range of ecological structures and processes, reflecting the recent evolution and dynamic interaction of biotic and abiotic conditions and patterns of disturbance. These conditions form the basis for comparison with contemporary ecosystem processes and structures and are a frame of reference for designing ecological restoration treatments and conservation plans. The productive aspects must not be overlooked; rather, they have to be considered, planned, and managed with a perspective of sustainability and ecosystem functionality. This should be considered for a common approach to forest management, for a forest rehabilitation, and for forest restoration activities.

Environmental Impact Assessment --- Ecological Indicator --- Silviculture --- Forest Management --- Pine Plantation --- Low Impact Logging --- Forest Restoration --- Pine Forest --- Forest Rehabilitation

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Boring --- Forage --- Periodicals --- Périodiques --- Earth (Planet) --- Terre --- Crust --- Croûte --- Boring. --- Crust of the Earth. --- Earth Sciences --- Geology --- geology --- ocean drilling --- marine geophysics --- seabed sampling --- borehole observatories --- geophysical logging --- Diamond drilling --- Test boring --- Well-boring --- Hydraulic engineering --- Mining engineering --- Shaft sinking --- Earth --- Geology. Earth sciences --- Crust of the Earth --- Crusts of the planets --- Planetary crusts --- Planets --- Crust.

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Forests and forestry --- Forêts et sylviculture --- Periodicals. --- Périodiques --- Forests and forestry. --- Agriculture Sciences --- Forestry --- forestry --- agroforestry --- conservation --- biodiversity --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- General ecology and biosociology

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Souvent présenté comme une activité archaïque, l'extractivisme, c'est-à-dire l'exploitation de produits forestiers à des fins commerciales, pourrait n'être que le témoignage de l'un des divers cycles économiques que le Brésil a vécus. Mais les mouvements des collecteurs de latex d'hévéa, aux revendications relayées par diverses institutions, et une opinion publique sensibilisée aux problèmes écologiques l'ont propulsé au centre des débats sur la gestion des écosystèmes forestiers. La question de sa place dans le développement régional est posée. Mais que sait-on de sa viabilité écologique ? Comment peut-il s'adapter aux changements écologiques et sociaux qui affectent aujourd'hui l'Amazonie ? Dans un contexte mondial de mise en culture de nombreuses espèces, de fabrication massive de produits de synthèse, pourquoi un tel intérêt autour de cette activité ? Comment l'extractivisme peut-il participer à de nouvelles formes de gestion de la forêt associant conservation et mise en valeur ? Often présented as an archaic activity, extractivism, that is to say the exploitation of forest products for commercial purposes, might be merely a feature of one of the various économie cycles that Brazil has experienced. However, movements of rubber tree latex col-lectors, with claims relayed by various institutions, and public opinion aware of ecological problems, have made it a central élément of discussions concerning the management of forest ecosystems. The question of its position in régional development is raised. But what is known about its ecological viability? How can it adapt to the ecolo-gical and social changes that currently affect Amazonia? Why is so much interest shown in this activity in a global context in which numerous species are cultivated and massive quantities of synthetic products are manufactured? How can extractivism form part of new types of forest management combining conservation and development?

Ressource forestière --- Forest resources --- Gestion des ressources --- resource management --- Récolte du bois --- Logging --- Produit dérivé du bois --- Wood products --- Système d'information géographique --- Geographical information systems --- Conservation des ressources --- Resource conservation --- Écologie forestière --- forest ecology --- Amazonie --- Amazonia --- forêt --- déforestation --- économie rurale --- exploitation des ressources naturelles --- arbre forestier --- agroforesterie --- environnement --- Brésil

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Forests and forestry --- Forests and forestry. --- Russia (Federation) --- forest science --- forestry --- forest health --- forest ecology --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Siberia